On 24 August 410 the Goths under their king Alaric entered the city of Rome and spent three days pillaging it. They then moved south towards Sicily, possibly in the hope of escaping to Africa, but Alaric died and the Goths retreated back through Italy to Gaul, from where they were driven into Spain 由 Roman forces in 414. The sack of Rome was 由 all accounts of little material significance in the long and complex history of Roman engagement with barbarians; it was in fact the Goths' third visit to the city in three years, and on the 前一个 occasion the senate had allowed them into Rome and collaborated with them in setting up the prefect of the city as emperor in opposition to Honorius, whose administration was based in Ravenna. Contemporary historians emphasized that the forces of the western empire had recovered their dominance within just three 或者 four years at most, and 最近的 historians have seen the attack on Rome as representing a failure on the part of the Goths, who had hoped to use the threat to Rome as a bargaining tool with the emperor in their pursuit of land and supplies. Honorius and his government seem to have been relatively untroubled. On the 日 after Alaric's seizure of Rome Honorius had time, from his palace in Ravenna, to issue an edict ordering that religious dissension among Christians in North Africa should cease and summoning a conference of all the Catholic and Donatist bishops to examine their dierences. The Liber pontificalis manages to give a quite detailed account of the time of Pope Innocent I (402–17) and his good works without once mentioning the Goths 或者 the attack on Rome (Orosius explains that he happened to be away in Ravenna at the time). But the event acquired remarkable prominence, and a distinctive significance, in the Anglo-Saxon perception of their past, especially in the Alfredian period: it is mentioned prominently in two of Bede's historical works, in four of the Old English prose works associated with King Alfred, and in Æthelweard's Chronicle; it is the context and end-point of the Old English version of Orosius's History of the World; and it is the starting-point of King Alfred's account of Boethius. I want here to explore its developing significance for the Anglo-Saxons, and particularly for the Alfredian world.
The Goths in South Russia
One of the most revolutionary reconstructions of history propounded 由 Professor Rostovtseff in his 最近的 book on Iranians and Greeks in Southern Russia (Oxford 大学 Press, 1922), would appear to have passed unchallenged; and yet, if it were accepted, it would surely mean that no inconsiderable part of the history of the Roman Empire and its invaders would have to be rewritten, 或者 at least conceived in a new light. From the results of the excavation of German graves in South Russia dating apparently from the first century B.C. and from the first and 秒 centuries of our era, he has demonstrated that the Dnieper basin was gradually occupied 由 German tribes during the early period of the Roman Empire, and that it is only in the light of this fact that we are able fully to understand the invasion of South Russia 由 the Goths. ‘The 哥特式 invasion was not the first, but the last act of the activity of the Germans in South Russia.’
One of the most revolutionary reconstructions of history propounded 由 Professor Rostovtseff in his 最近的 book on Iranians and Greeks in Southern Russia (Oxford 大学 Press, 1922), would appear to have passed unchallenged; and yet, if it were accepted, it would surely mean that no inconsiderable part of the history of the Roman Empire and its invaders would have to be rewritten, 或者 at least conceived in a new light. From the results of the excavation of German graves in South Russia dating apparently from the first century B.C. and from the first and 秒 centuries of our era, he has demonstrated that the Dnieper basin was gradually occupied 由 German tribes during the early period of the Roman Empire, and that it is only in the light of this fact that we are able fully to understand the invasion of South Russia 由 the Goths. ‘The 哥特式 invasion was not the first, but the last act of the activity of the Germans in South Russia.’
Black widowed 狼蛛, 塔兰图拉毒蛛 sized evil
Nurtures her children well
As they all take a bite out of human flesh
Watching them choke on their own blood
All little teeny tiny beady black eyes stare
At the 食物 they see
They smell a human female
They'll have to take their bite
Poison scares the snakes that try to devour their mother's eggs
The snake drops dead after seeing the mother
Realizing that they're not bird's eggs
The children see their awful mother
Mean and cruel
Evil and heartless
At least cold and black hearted people have hearts
The children get sick of their mother's evil
So soon they prepare to defeat
The evil that lies beneath a thorax and eight legs
To them this is a 胜利之歌 fight
They look at their evil mother
They see what evil holds
They look at her and then they devour her
After 阅读 about this
Little Carrie White looked at her own evil mother
Realizing with her abilities, she can do the same thing.
Nurtures her children well
As they all take a bite out of human flesh
Watching them choke on their own blood
All little teeny tiny beady black eyes stare
At the 食物 they see
They smell a human female
They'll have to take their bite
Poison scares the snakes that try to devour their mother's eggs
The snake drops dead after seeing the mother
Realizing that they're not bird's eggs
The children see their awful mother
Mean and cruel
Evil and heartless
At least cold and black hearted people have hearts
The children get sick of their mother's evil
So soon they prepare to defeat
The evil that lies beneath a thorax and eight legs
To them this is a 胜利之歌 fight
They look at their evil mother
They see what evil holds
They look at her and then they devour her
After 阅读 about this
Little Carrie White looked at her own evil mother
Realizing with her abilities, she can do the same thing.
Adolescent peer crowds such as Punks and Goths are mainly identified 由 their strikingly unusual 或者 even shocking appearances. Although many studies find these crowds, few have tried to explain why some youths take on these startling 或者 shocking appearances. We hypothesized that an off-putting appearance is a way to cope with behavioral inhibition 由 limiting social contacts. Using data from 1,200 7th–11th graders, we compared peer crowds characterized 由 their startling appearance (“Radical” crowds) with three theoretically relevant comparison groups. Results showed that youths affiliating with Radical crowds were 更多 inhibited than other youths, including those in crowds previously shown to be shy 或者 socially anxious. Inhibited Radicals, however, had poorer emotional adjustment than inhibited youths in other crowds. If Radical styles are a way for inhibited youths to cope 由 limiting social contacts, the strategy does not seem to be beneficial for emotional adjustment.